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Article: Understanding
Reverse Mortgages
by Tim Paul
Estimates indicate that there is a target population of some 8.8
million senior households that both qualify for and are good potential
candidates for HUD's home equity conversion mortgage (HECM) program.
(Under an HECM loan, a lender advances money to a elderly homeowner,
in the form of a series of fixed monthly payments, a line of credit
on which the borrower may draw, or a combination. The senior homeowner
is not required to make any payments on the loan so long as he or
she remains in the house. The lender collects the loan balance—which
includes the accrued interest and other charges as well as the amounts
paid out—when the house is sold or the owner dies.)
Yet in the most recent federal fiscal year, just 43,131 HECM loans
were originated; over the sixteen year history of the program, a
total of 162,268 HECMs have originated, representing only a tiny
share of the potential market.
There are some
obvious and tangible factors that help explain this low market penetration,
most notably the high origination fees and closing costs relative
to amounts that can be borrowed through the program. Less obvious
are the intangible psychological fears that may prevent senior homeowners
from stepping into a reverse mortgage. Being aware of these factors
can help potential borrowers more clearly assess their own situation
and make a more calculated decision about whether or not a reverse
mortgage is right for them:
Fear of Giving-up a Hard-Earned Goal - Most elderly homeowners have
spent their working lives focused on the goal of "paying off
the mortgage." Taking out a reverse mortgage is, in essence,
a decision to do a complete turnabout and initiate the process of
growing a new mortgage. For some seniors, this just doesn't make
sense, no matter how rational the decision to trade-in home equity
for better living standards in later life may appear to a detached
observer.
Fear of Being
Suckered - HECMs are administered, heavily regulated and insured
by federal government agencies (in particular HUD). From the standpoint
of protecting innocent borrowers from ruthless lenders, HECMs are
about as "safe" a mortgage product as can be imagined.
Yet there are true horror stories from the pre-HUD reverse mortgage
era about seniors being forced to sell their homes or lose them
to foreclosure. Unfortunately, these stories have now become urban
legends and still taint the phrase "reverse mortgage".
A related issue
is the ongoing problem of elderly homeowners being contacted by
"home repair" companies, annuity salespersons, and other
pitch-men promoting the reverse mortgage as the ideal way to pay
for their valuable product or service. The tacky nature of this
type of solicitation further increase doubts and fears about whether
reverse mortgages are truly legitimate.
Fear of Financial
Complexity - There is no question that reverse mortgages are complex
financial tools. Moreover, by their very nature they run counter
to many of the golden financial management rules that senior homeowners
have strived to abide by over their adult lives - i.e. "reduce
debt", "avoid high transaction fees", "grow
your home equity", etc. Largely because of the complexity,
HUD requires all HECM applicants to participate in counseling sessions
to ensure they have full understanding of the reverse mortgage process
and the other alternatives that may be available. Yet, while necessary
and well-intended, the counseling requirement itself may scare-off
some potential applicants who feel that they just won't be capable
of digesting all the new information presented.
Fear of Not
Leaving an Inheritance - For many seniors, the desire to leave an
inheritance to children or grandchildren is quite strong - even
to the point of accepting a more modest than necessary lifestyle
to ensure that an estate survives them. Seniors who have this goal
and whose largest asset is their homestead, clearly will perceive
that a reverse mortgage runs directly counter to their strong bequest
motive.
Fear of Sacrificing
Future Flexibility - To be a sensible financial decision, a reverse
mortgage should equate to a conscious decision by the homeowner
to stay put for the long term - minimally 5-7 years and, ideally,
for the rest of the homeowners' lives. Obviously, this commitment
is especially difficult for the elderly homeowner. Death, long-term
illness or incapacity and similar issues weigh heavily on the minds
of many seniors and make long-term housing commitments especially
stressful.
To a large extent,
further growth in the reverse mortgage area will depend on the success
of efforts to educate the target population. Some observers feel
that the next generation of retirees -i.e. Baby Boomers - will enter
their retirement years with a far greater understanding of financial
matters and with less aversion to indebtedness. This may prove true
but the reverse mortgage concept is so fundamentally different from
what people are used to that overcoming the fears of potential borrowers
will remain a challenge.
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